Adenosine, a naturally occurring endogenous metabolite formed by the degradation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), not only terminates but also helps define the mechanism of several arrhythmias discovered in 1929. ATP gets metabolized into adenosine after intravenous administration and is used to treat car...
Most total-body potassium is maintained in the intracellular space through the action of the adenosine triphosphatase sodium/potassium pump while extracellular potassium homeostasis is regulated mainly by the kidneys; homeostasis is achieved when kidney excretion matches oral intake. Changes in intra- and...
We discuss the complexity of adenosine signalling and drug effects over the continuum of specific disease courses, addressing the implications for the use of adenosine receptor-targeting agents. The adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, which is commonly ingested, complicates the interpretation of clinica...
What is creatine? Creatine is an amino acid in the body that acts as an energy source during muscle activity. Creatine is turned into creatine phosphate in the body, which helps make a substance called adenosine triphosphate that provides energy for muscle contractions. ...
When a cell is compelled to commit suicide (we'll get to the triggers for apoptosis in just a minute), proteins called caspases go into action. They break down the cellular components needed for survival, and they spur production of enzymes known as DNases, which destroy the DNA in the...
Accordingly, the first key take-away of this review is to incorporate change from the creation of the treatment plan for the patient: looking beyond hyperglycemia. Large-scale studies in type 2 diabetes patients have proven to be a treasure-trove for insights into the nature and management of ...
Caffeine is also used as an additive in other products, such as soda, energy drinks, and some pain relievers (Frary et al., 2005). The levels of caffeine can vary widely in these products Mechanisms of caffeine action The primary mechanism of caffeine action is antagonism of adenosine ...
In particular, the “fifth type” (besides astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells) of neuroglia, the NG2 glial cells, express relatively high densities of voltage-gated Na+ channels and are able to generate action potentials or action-potential-like spikes [34], [35], [36...
An individual enzyme molecule is not destroyed during catalysis. What does this mean for the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the same reaction again? Explain the process of transcription in protein synthesis. Describe the mechanism of action of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. ...
A gradient of electrochemical potential, generally for an ion that may travel across a membrane, is referred to as an electrochemical gradient. The chemiosmosis process is directly related to the synthesis of ATP (which stands for adenosine triphosphate) during cellular respiration by the movement of...