I have often said that economics, to the extent it is a science, is like biology rather than physics. Let me try to make that clearer. By biology, I do not mean the study of the human cell, which we have made a great deal of progress understanding though there is more to learn. I...
Both those statements are “facts,” but one is tautological and the other one scientific. Then, when multiple compound propositions are strung together it forms an argument, with arguments some statements could be have certain truth-values, and other probable ones, some could be necessarily true...
This is based on belief and not on evidence or proof as it is shown in this section. Although he himself draws the wrong conclusion, what Spreeuw’s finding [47] shows is that the theorem merely states an almost tautological property, as Jaynes pointed out already in the 80s : The ...
The pervasive digitization of society underscores the crucial role of data and its significant impact on decision-making across various domains. As a result, it is essential for individuals to acquire competencies in handling data. This need is particula
and cognitive metrics. This created tautological slippage where the magnitude of environmental inputs or demands was defined according to their outputs. Falling into this tautology, Selye famously wrote, “it is not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it.” [2] To resolve the bait-an...
Or in other words a theory should be clearly defined, incorporate an inclusive scope, but is explained using a limited reasoning. A theory is best if it can avoid being tautological in nature, although sometimes unavoidable, nevertheless a theories empirical validity and reliability is what the ...
Or in other words a theory should be clearly defined, incorporate an inclusive scope, but is explained using a limited reasoning. A theory is best if it can avoid being tautological in nature, although sometimes unavoidable, nevertheless a theories empirical validity and reliability is what the ...
If circumstantial evidence is one step away from direct testimony, the classic doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitor is a further step beyond the traditional use of circumstantial evidence. Dean Prosser offers the following whimsical response to this tautological logic: Res Ipsa Loquitor, Sed Quid In Inferno...
Idyllic: Idyllic refers to the trait of being extremely happy about something. Idyllic is mainly used to describe highly peaceful and pleasant things that lack difficulties and dangers. For example, if individuals say that their day was idyllic, they ...
While I later discuss ways to get unequal value even assuming infinite value[7] there are easy and natural ways to get equal value on infinite value, especially given that equal value is a desideratum of our current reasoning. In this way, we can see that using ordinal numbers to represent...