and “What is a parameter?” The notions that a model must “makesense,and that a parameter must “have a well-defined meaning’ are deeplyingrained in applied statistical work, reasonably well understood at aninstinctive level, but absent from most formal theories of modelling andinference. In...
What is a statistic used for? Statistics helps us to understand the data that is collected about us and the world. For example, the UPS database is 17 terabytes — about as large as a database containing every book in the Library of Congress [1]. All of that data is meaningless withou...
Statistics Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied....
What is a Population in Statistics? A population in statistics is a whole group of people or objects from whichsamplesare taken. It is the entire group that we are interested in, and it includesall of the members of the group[1]. A population is the opposite of a sample, which is a ...
Statistical testing is the means by which the effects of what are estimated? What are four reasons for the importance of sample size in statistical inference? What is the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis? What is the role of statistics in biology? Discuss how ...
This, in turn, signals an educational failure of the first order. We suggest that tests of statistical significance, whether p's or 伪's, be downplayed in statistics and marketing research courses. Classroom instruction should focus instead on teaching students to emphasize the use of confidence...
Ergodicity is one of the most important concepts in statistics. Ergodicity is a mathematical concept suggesting that a point of a moving system will eventually visit all parts of the space the system moves in. On the opposite side, non-ergodic means that a system doesn’t visit all the ...
The Philosophical Bases of Causal Inference The philosophical underpinnings of causality affect how we answer the questions “what type of evidence can we use to establish causality?” and “what do we think is enough evidence to be convinced of the existence of a causal relationship?” In the ...
In simplest terms, variability is how much the individual recorded scores or observed values differ from one another.26The most general measure of variability is the total range, namely, the absolute difference between the minimum (low- est, smallest) and the maximum (highest, largest) recorded ...
In statistics, a representative sample should be an accurate cross-section of the population being sampled. Although the features of the larger sample cannot always be determined with precision, you can determine if a sample is sufficiently representative by comparing it with the popula...