Functions of the application layer As the top layer, the application layer of the OSI model handles many functions in a communication network, including: Mail services.Layer 7 is responsible for email forwarding and storage. It also allows users to engage in other communication types, like video...
Many VPNs use the IPsec protocol suite to establish and run these encrypted connections. However, not all VPNs use IPsec. Another protocol for VPNs isSSL/TLS, which operates at a different layer in theOSI modelthan IPsec. (The OSI model is an abstract representation of the processes that ...
SSH keys do not expire unless they are explicitly revoked, so once an attacker gains a key, they may have persistent access for months or years. How does SSH contrast with other protocols for tunneling? One of the main differences between SSH and other tunneling protocols is the OSI layer ...
L2TP carries OSI Layer 2 traffic across Layer 3 networks. It achieves this in a three-stage process. Firstly, L2TP must create a connection between the LAC and the LNS. The LNS and LAC serve as endpoints for the point-to-point tunnel, and they must negotiate the relationship between them...
The modern Internet is not based on OSI, but on the simpler TCP/IP model. However, the OSI 7-layer model is still widely used, as it helps visualize and communicate how networks operate. Why Is the OSI Model Important? The OSI model provides several advantages for organizations managing net...
One of the most widely used security protocols for this purpose is HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), which relies on the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). HTTPS ensures that data transmitted between the end user’s device and the ...
What is CAPTCHA CAPTCHA stands for the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. CAPTCHAs are tools you can use to differentiate between real users and automated users, such asbots. CAPTCHAs provide challenges that are difficult for computers to perform but relativ...
other hand, sends packets along a given network path. This means the router spends less time deciding where to forward each packet, and the packets follow the same path each time. MPLS operates between layer 2 (the network layer) and layer 3 (the data link layer) of the OSI network ...
PPP stands for a point-to-point protocol. With PPP, one node can access only one other specified node. PPP is located at the second layer in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model and at the data link layer in the TCP/IP model. It is mainly used for point-to-point da...
Operating at the physical layer of the OSI model, hubs transmit data signals to all connected devices, regardless of the intended recipient. By exploring what is a hub, their various types, their functionalities, and distinctions from other networking devices such as switches, you will gain a ...