What is meant by causation in fact?What is Negligence?For a victim to prove in court that someone is responsible for injuries sustained, he or she must prove negligence. To prove negligence, the plaintiff (victim) must prove that the defendant had a duty to not harm them, they breached ...
Any doctrine called "Top-Down Causation" immediately faces two expository challenges: specify exactly what is meant by "causation" and how to distinguish the "top" from the "bottom". On certain ways of clarifying these terms the doctrine appears relatively benign and on others it appears to be...
Discuss the terms "association" and "causation". What do they mean? What is the difference between independent and dependent events? 1. What does it mean when 2 events are disjoint? Explain with an example. 2. What does it mean when 2 events are complements? Expla...
As I’ll discuss shortly, the prospect of subjecting claims of “metaphysical” necessity to a corresponding sort of experimental control is what the “method of cases” has been meant to be used for. Why have philosophers been interested in putting forward “modally immodest” PTIs? One conj...
What is an example of correlation but not causation? "Correlation is not causation" means that just because two things correlate does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. As aseasonalexample, just because people in the UK tend to spend more in the shops when it's cold and less...
It is widely appreciated among epidemiology theorists and statisticians that regression coefficients do not distinguish between correlation and causation or between direct and indirect (mediated) causal effects of some variables on others. For example, suppose that eq. (1) describes an observed exposure...
However, the literature is under-theorised, with little evidence of causation, and few attempts to make sense of the possible links between these factors and SSA, particularly in the face of evidence that it may occur in the absence of these factors. There is little research examining the ...
The survey results show a strong association between firms’ digital strategies and growth, efficiency, and profitability. This correlation may not imply causation: asset management is a complex business, and markets and investment decisions can have a stronger impact on performance than how firms orga...
positivity movement tries to address the problem of stigma caused by physical appearance,obesity-related illnesses constitute a health crisis. In this article, we attempt to address what effects body positivity and body shaming have on these problems. What is the evidence for and against body ...
What is meant by the gene-environment interaction perspective as it applies to personality? Provide an example. Discuss why correlation is necessary but not sufficient to establish causation. Give an example. What procedure can produce a stimulus...