Any doctrine called "Top-Down Causation" immediately faces two expository challenges: specify exactly what is meant by "causation" and how to distinguish the "top" from the "bottom". On certain ways of clarifying these terms the doctrine appears relatively benign and on others it appears to be...
What is the maximum revenue? Is there sufficient evidence to justify the rejection of H_0 at the \alpha=0.05 level? Explain. Discuss the terms "association" and "causation". What do they mean? True or false? Construct validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative ...
Explain what is meant by "The Scientific Method". In you explanation include the methodology that makes psychology scientific, and the benefit of this in terms of the validity of psychological research, for example, research designs (repeated measures, i ...
What is a criticism of the sociological theory of crime causation? What is the difference between a literary theory and literary criticism? What is social commentary and motif? Explain equity theory through some examples. What are some techniques used in the Existential Approach?
What is face validity? Provide an example of causation. What are examples of primary reinforcers? What is the difference between internal validity and external validity? What is a situational example of the false consensus effect? Why isn't face validity sufficient to establish the validity of a...
Another challenge to defining best practice was the oft-repeated phrase that long covid is a “diagnosis by exclusion”, but the high prevalence of comorbidities meant that the “pure” long covid patient untainted by other potential explanations for their symptoms was a textbook ideal. In one ...
' However, there do seem to be questions of great interest that can only be answered by a priori means. Let's take the question of the nature of cause. Hume thought that causation was just a matter of regularities: what it is for one thing to cause another is for the one thing, or...
Correlation does not equal causation. While quantitative research can identify relationships between variables, establishing definitive cause-and-effect links is challenging. Other factors may influence the observed relationship, making it difficult to isolate the true cause. ...
What commitments is the theory making with respect to causal, functional, and mechanistic assumptions or claims— and what types of causation, function, and mechanism are within its purview? If a practitioner needs a theory that pro- vides a mechanistic account, does a given θ satisfy these ...
What is a positron? What does a lower Vmax mean? What does low eosinophils indicate? What does it mean to say? "correlation does not imply? causation"? What does an electroscope measure? What is polarity in biology? What is susceptibility in magnetism?