HFmEF patients had higher mortality than HFpEF and HFrEF [7]. The metabolic effects of acute HF are complex, and depend on its severity and associated comorbidities, such as diabetes and HTN. The failing heart is energy deficient, has diminished glucose, and depends on fatty acid oxidation [...
Moreover, several metanalyses that included the DANISH trial showed that the reduction in all-cause mortality in patients who benefited from an ICD is identical in those with HFrEF due to ischemic and non-ischemic causes (HR–0.76) [21]. Beggs et al. in their 2017 analysis, which examined...