The bright colors of the northern lights are dictated by the chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere. "Every type of atom or molecule, whether it's atomic hydrogen or a molecule like carbon dioxide, absorbs and radiates its own unique set of colors, which is analogous to how every human...
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Earth's atmosphere is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon and 0.04% carbon dioxide. Our air also contains trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton, ozone and hydrogen, as well as water vapor. The following sections will explore how atmospheric composition and the alti...
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Oil is often called “black gold,” yet crude oil has a range of viscosity and can vary in color from black to yellow depending on its hydrocarbon composition.13Distillation, the process by which oil is heated and separated into different components, is the first stage in refining. ...
Space is the vast, seemingly infinite expanse beyond Earth, while the universe encompasses all of space, matter, and energy, including galaxies, stars, and planets.
Venus is Earth's closest planetary neighbour and both bodies are of similar size and mass. As a consequence, Venus is often described as Earth's sister planet. But the two worlds have followed very different evolutionary paths, with Earth having benign surface conditions, whereas Venus has a ...
My only other real criticism is that while the journey is engaging, the destination of the book isn’t entirely clear. The final chapter touches on how our home is unique, how there is no Earth 2.0 to retreat to amid the growing chaos of anthropogenic climate change. This is an important...
One thing that can drive the price up is theincrease in demand. For most items, the demand increase as the number of people increases. There is a finite resource of most things on earth, yet there are more and more people. An increase in demand causes an increase in prices for some go...
An electrochemical deposition is a low-cost option for thin-film synthesis since it does not require complicated or expensive equipment and employs common raw materials. By altering deposition settings, electrodeposition enables the simple control of the coating’s chemical composition, shape, and ...