Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a term that describes any form of chronic kidney damage and also the circumstance where a patient's estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. The aims of this article are to explain this definition, including its limitations...
How is CKD diagnosed?CKD has 5 stages. Your healthcare provider will use results from the following tests to find the stage of CKD you have:Blood and urine tests show how well your kidneys are working. They may also show the cause of your CKD. Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI pictures may...
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What is a chronic kidney disease (CKD) diet?A CKD diet limits protein, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. Liquids may also need to be limited in later stages of CKD. This diet can help slow down the rate of damage to your kidneys. Your diet may change over time as your health ...
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Syndr. 5, 80 (2013). PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Toyohara, T. et al. Metabolomic profiling of uremic solutes in CKD patients. Hypertens. Res. 33, 944–952 (2010). PubMed Google Scholar Jourde-Chiche, N. et al. Protein-bound toxins — update 2009. Semin. Dial. 22, 334...
3. Phosphate-lowering therapies may only be indicated in the case of "progressive or persistent hyperphosphatemia". 4. New evidence suggests that excess exposure to exogenous calcium in adults may be harmful in all severities of CKD, regardless of other risk markers. 5. It is reasonable to ...
CKD is defined as the presence of kidney damage including albuminuria, or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, persisting for 3 months or more.1 Symptoms Early chronic kidney disease has no signs or symptoms as kidney function deteriorate...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence is high in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the most frequent cause of mortality in this population. Advanced age, hypertension, uremic toxins, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation are am...
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