–Ba represents the beta of the investment. –Rm is indicative of the expected return rate of the entire market. –(Rm – Rrf) is referred to as the risk premium. Let’s look deeper into the components of the CAPM formula: Anticipated Investment Return This is the return an investor hope...
2. Heart Failure: Definition and Phenotypes of Disease The universal definition defines HF as a clinical syndrome with symptoms or signs caused by cardiac structural and/or functional abnormality and corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels or observable evidence of pulmonary or systemic congest...
Due to their strong negative-predictive value, the use of natriuretic peptides is well-established in standard HF algorithms [46,47,48]. Nevertheless, like many other biomarkers, including cardiac troponins, elevated levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) may also indicate alternative ...
Cardiac biomarkers, such as D-dimer, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) or brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and cardiac troponins (cTn), are elevated in almost 95% of patients. Their rise is indicative of a hyperinflammatory state and is a surrogate of myocardial injury, ...