bright auroramaximum poleward advanceOne of the central issues in substorm research is what determines the substorm intensity. Through an introduction on what constitutes a magnetospheric substorm, we discuss several parameters which are available to measure the substorm intensity. In terms of ionospheric...
The solar spectrum is known to closely follow Planck’s law with an effective black-body temperature of about 5,800 K. This spectrum peaks in the visible band, near 460 nm (Fig.1), and its intensity drops as expected as\(R^{-2}\), where\(R\)is the distance to the Sun. At the...