Although edema is a nonspecific sign, it is one of the most frequent and typical symptoms and signs in CVD. All other causes of edema should be excluded to confirm its venous origin. CVD-related edema is described as sporadic, unilateral or bilateral, and limited to the legs,...
4. Edema from a Clinical Perspective Edema may present as either symptomatic or asymptomatic swelling [19]. Lower leg edema is frequently the first clinical indication of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI); however, it can represent various conditions and can vary in its clinical presentation [6,...