may be present. Even in these countries, should a storm or other disaster interrupt the water treatment processes, contaminated water can be an issue. Boiling water often kills off most pathogens, which is why this is commonly advised if there has been an interruption in water treatment ...
If bacteriocins are carried on plasmids, then this becomes easier; if a cell coding for bacteriocins lyses, it kills all members of the neighbourhood that do not bear the plasmid gene, and thus favours individuals that carry the plasmid (as they also carry resistance to the bacteriocin). As...
By modifying these “efflux pumps” to recognize the antibiotic, bacteria can eliminate the drug before it poisons them. As it turns out, some phages appear to use these same efflux pumps to invade the bacterial cell. The phage presumably attaches its tail to the outer portion of the pump ...
“It means the raw milk itself, no matter how much care and work the farmer puts in, is likely to have some pathogens. Farmers are at a heightened alert to reduce the risk, but you can’t reduce the risk to zero. This is why we have pasteurization. It remains our gold standard.”...
When youget infected with HIV, the virus attaches to the surface of a CD4+ cell, gets inside it, and makes copies of itself. Then, it kills the infected CD4+ cell and releases more HIV copies into your bloodstream to attack other CD4+ cells. If left untreated, HIV can continue t...
Disinfectants are those agents which are used to destroy the microorganisms found in any process or any surface. These are used as effective chemicals for sterilization in wet-lab experiments. This dissolves the outer membrane and thus kills the microorganisms....
Genes and mutations are the reasons for kanamycin resistance. A bacterium may naturally be resistant to the drug. One such example is the nptII gene, which is found naturally in bacteria and which produces an enzyme that inhibits the action of kanamycin in the bacterial cell. This type of nat...
The microbial control methods are the techniques that are used to control the growth of microorganisms. The microbial control methods are of two types: physical methods and chemical methods. Heat, radiation, and filtration are the most commonly used physical methods. The chemical methods involve ...
Prevent infection by binding to pathogens Help in removal of dying cells and altered cells such as tumors Induce growth of myelin, which is a sheath around nerves that enables normal transmission of nerve signals Inhibit growth of autoreactive B cells, which attack native tissue ...
on asmemory cells. These memory cells can live for years—even decades—preserving their knowledge of these pathogens. If the immune system sees them again, the memory cells will recognize them and launch a swift and powerful immune response that kills the pathogens before they can cause ...