By nucleation of holes, we mean the quasi-reversible detachment of an initial number of flat monomers from a flat cluster and their random intercalation with the water molecules on top of the BLM. In other words, a hole is just a flat monomer that, upon detachment from a flat cluster, ...
IL-1, on the other hand, does not really damage the cells or induce apoptosis on its own, though it can enhance the harmful effects of TNF-α. While IL-1 receptor blockers (IL-1r β) attach to the IL-1 receptor, they do not activate it; they tend to act as IL-1 antagonists ...