Quantile maps of OPPs from 2005 to 2016 in China Full size image Spatial autocorrelation tests The global spatial correlation test shows the spatial correlation strengthening of China’s per capita OPPs. The latter was found to have a significant and positive spatial correlation under the 5% signifi...
Transformer models:Transformer models use mathematical techniques called “attention” or “self-attention” to identify how different elements in a series of data influence one another. The “GPT” in OpenAI’s Chat-GPT stands for “Generative Pretrained Transformer.” Discriminative models Discriminative...
a选择与对数线性模型相同的变量,进行医疗消费5%-95%的分位数对样本进行回归。 The choice and the logarithm linear model same variable, carries on the medical service to expend 5%-95% quantile to carry on the return to the sample.[translate] ...
Our focus is solely on academic scholarship and our review does not include policy reports or internal assessments conducted by aid donors.5 The majority of our sources have been published in a peer-reviewed format, but given the recent burst in empirical work on corruption, we also include ...
Y represents the actual variable, Y* stands for the restricted dependent variable, and X is the independent variable. β shows estimative factors, and ui shows the error with the distribution of N (0, σ2). 4. Calculation Results of CEE The panel data of 11 Western provinces from 2010 ...
For SO22, besides Algeciras, levels are over 20 μμg m−3−3 downwind of several power plants (As Pontes, in northern Spain; and Andorra (Teruel), in the eastern IP) that burn coal for the generation of electricity [69,70]. Last, particulate matter does not exhibit a clear ...
What stands out from Table 5 is that a crisis event can trigger a very limited herding phenomenon when energy markets (oil/gas–spot/futures) are considered. There are very few negative and significant values (in bold) in Table 5. It is worth noticing that even during the Russia–Ukraine ...
For the power envelope, we simulate from the null P ( λ ) = K ( λ , ϵ ) distribution, compute 10,000 values of L L R ( λ , λ , γ ) and extract the 95 % quantile as a critical value, c v . The D G P is the Katz family K ( λ , γ ) and we simulate 10 ...