equilibrium value of the angle; the second presentsmequivalent minima separated by a corresponding number of equivalent maxima, which is the typical energy profile observed for the rotation around a single bond.
Therefore, this study utilizes the Breusch-Pagan-Lagrange multiplier (LM) test and the Bias adjusted LM test to test the existence of cross-sectional dependence in panel series. In addition, the Pesaran CD test is also added in this study. 3.2. Panel unit root tests. Given the cross-...
The fraction of unleveled sectors that become leveled each period will be z−1 + h, so the sectors moving from unleveled to leveled represent the fraction (z−1 + h) μ1 of all sectors. Likewise, the fraction of all sectors moving in the opposite direction is 2z0μ0, since each ...
(A1) where\(\theta \)is an unknown Lagrange multiplier. The optimality conditions, in addition to Eq. (1), are $$\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial L}{\partial x_{i}}-\delta _{i}=0,\text { }x_{i}\ge 0,\text { } \delta _{i}\ge 0,\text { and }x_{i}\delta _{i}=0...
When a shape is moved or resized in the coordinate plane, a transformation is said to occur. Transformations can be rigid (does not change the shape or size) or non-rigid (changes the size but not the shape). Examples of transformation include: ...
(LISMI), sheltered employment centres receive public subsidies for the labour insertion of people with disabilities. Those subsidies provided to these entities represent important economic flows for them (López et al.2014). The purpose of the received subsidies is different: discounts for companies’...
This intricate issue was solved by the SAM [44], which incorporates the Lagrange multiplier (LM) robust diagnostic test. This test comprises two metrics: the LM (lag) and the LM (error). The robustness of these two metrics is assessed to determine the appropriate application of either the ...
The count attribute can represent the density of real-time users in this area, which can be used to portray street vitality. Prior research has indicated that RTUDs may serve as a reliable measure of vitality [26,44,46]. Given Tencent's substantial user base in China, this study utilized...
Finally, we run Moran I and Lagrange multiplier (LM) tests to assess the spatial dependence of models implemented in the R (R is an open source software environment for statistical computing and graphics) package spdep (spatial dependence). The Moran I test score of 541.76 in model 1 is hig...
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research ...