It's important to note that the human annotation rewards have to be scalar so that our preferences are represented numerically. An illustration of RLHF from @anthrupad LLMs in SuperAnnotate At SuperAnnotate, we understand that every project has its unique data requirements. That's why our LLM...
What does this mean for applications of AI in drug discovery? AI can, in principle, deliver all of the above aims: it can make decisions faster (predictions are faster than experiments) and more cheaply (predictions cost less than experiments), and lead to better decisions (where suitable dat...
CBC is a specific operational mode in encryption. In this mode, each plaintext block is exclusive-OR'd orXORed(numerically combined) with the previous ciphertext block and then encrypted. An XOR is a coding mechanism or binary function used to combine different inputs. In CBC, XOR facilitates...
Numerically we have also found some aspects of the landscape theory to persist beyond the -matrix setting, even though the double commutators cease being negative definite, so this may not yet be the end of the story, but it does at least demonstrate that utility the landscape does not purely...
when the force is zero, \(\left\{ c_{\alpha ,i}(\textbf{R})\right\} _{\alpha =1,m; i=1,\infty }\) does not change any longer, and 3. the set of coefficients minimizing the energy has been found. 4. Of course, numerically one never reaches \(\nabla _{\left\{ c_{\...
This procedure provides the best possible estimates of infant mortality rates by district over the 1971–89 period, but our estimates are not sensitive to the start date; a robustness check in Online Appendix D shows that our point estimate is numerically very similar – and even slightly larger...
Any data that an AI model uses, including unstructured data, needs to be recorded numerically. Vector embedding is a way to convert an unstructured data point into an array of numbers that expresses that data’s original meaning. Here's a simplified example of word embeddings for a very small...
Climate change should not be understood just as the increased risk of this or that location experiencing a catastrophic flood—although it does entail that, of course. Rather the essence of climate change is that it will force us to confront "little" floods all over the place, some- times ...
where μ and σ are, respectively, the mean and standard deviation of the resource pulse and \(\omega\) is the temporal frequency of the pulse. Equation (1) corresponds to a resource patch with smoothly varying edges that does not change position spatially but does increase and decrease in ...
A material deemed suitable for a specific application does not mean that it is suitable for every application, nor that every version of that material is suitable. Plastic compounds vary between manufacturers, and the design of a valve may affect compatibility as well. The information presented ...