Tribology is not an isolated science, but rather a complex, multidisciplinary endeavor where advances are made by collaborative efforts of researchers from fields including mechanical engineering, manufacturing,
Economics does not naturally lend itself to scientifichypothesis testingas does physics. In the field of epistemology, scientists can learn through logical thought experiments, also called deduction, or through empirical observation and testing, also called positivism. Geometry is a logically deductive sci...
My first thesis is, then, that chemistry embraces two distinct activities, neither of which can be said to subsume the other. This means that we should not think of “applied” chemistry as being inferior to “pure” chemistry, as does the author of one school textbook, who says that, of...
Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Definition of Ionization Enthalpy - Ionization enthalpy (or ionization energy) is defined as the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of an isol
Amorphous silica, on the other hand, is industrially manufactured in a variety of forms - including silica gels, precipitated silica, fumed silica, and colloidal silica. What does "colloidal" mean? A colloid is a stable dispersion of particles - particles that are small enough that gravity ...
What does the term extraction mean in chemistry? What is an emulsion? How do you remove it during extraction? Describe the separation method(s) involved in brewing a cup of coffee. How does caffeine compare with cocaine and amphetamine as a cns stimulant...
What does this mean for applications of AI in drug discovery? AI can, in principle, deliver all of the above aims: it can make decisions faster (predictions are faster than experiments) and more cheaply (predictions cost less than experiments), and lead to better decisions (where suitable dat...
The meaning of an ‘element’ is a favourite topic for argument among off-duty chemists. We agree (right?) that hydrogen is an element – but what do we mean by that? Is molecular hydrogen gas an element? Or the isolated hydrogen atom? Or are we referring not to some actual substance...
Does all this mean that we should rethink the concept of a bond? The approaching centenary of Lewis’ seminal paper is sure to provoke discussion about that. Some researchers advise caution about too much revisionism. ‘I think there is a lot of hype recently about new bonds like halogen bon...
What is the change in internal energy of a system if the system absorbs 60 J of heat and does 60 J of work? A system has 4.4E+13 microstates. What is its entropy? What is thermodynamics and how is it similar to or different from chemistry? If the internal energy of a thermodynamic ...