Not at all. What it does mean is that we need to apply care. One way of doing so is by thinking probabilistically: if gunpowder has exploded under these conditions every time in the past, it is very likely that gunpowder will explode under these conditions in the future; similarly, if e...
The Special Communication “Causal Inferences About the Effects of Interventions From Observational Studies in Medical Journals,” published in this issue of JAMA,1 provides a rationale and framework for considering causal inference from observational studies published by medical journals. Our intent is ...
What does statistical inference mean in this context?Although we are taught to infer to a well-defined population from a sample, or from a sample of outcomes to a model of such outcomes, in a randomized experiment the most basic and important inference is between the trea...
What does a significant difference mean in science? Describe the significance of p53. Provide a hypothesis of research that could be conducted to further investigate the effectiveness of p53. In the experiments done with laccase, describe the purpose of statistical analysis. ...
What does the theory of punctuated equilibrium mean? What are some examples of global warming causes? Why should a hypothesis be developed before an experiment? How does a good experimental conclusion differ from an inference? How does hypothesis testing contribute to scientific knowledge?
Presumably there is a sense in which two people could carry out this exercise, with only one of them “getting it right”, and the other “getting it wrong”. My question is what does “getting it right” mean to you? I’m not asking about particular inferential outputs, like point/int...
What does inductive reasoning mean? The inductive reasoning meaning lies somewhere between a predictive inference and a scientific guess. Inductions can be made in three ways: A priori - (pure reason, practical reason) Philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that pure reason, such as the statement “all...
Individual conditional expectation (ICE) plot Causal artificial intelligence (CAI) Introduction: What does an exposure-response curve mean? Exposure-response curves are among the most widely used tools of quantitative health risk assessment. Debates over their shapes, especially at low exposure concentrati...
it really does seem to be the form, or maybe I should say the placement, of the post. For example, last year I wroteWhat has happened down here is the winds have changed, which was one of the most successful posts I’ve ever written, both in terms of content (I like what I wrote...
c. What do you mean by…?d. What would be an example?e. What would not be an example (though close to being one)?f. How does that apply to this case (describe a case, which might well appear to be a counter example)?g. What difference does it make?h. What are the facts?i...