By nucleation of holes, we mean the quasi-reversible detachment of an initial number of flat monomers from a flat cluster and their random intercalation with the water molecules on top of the BLM. In other words, a hole is just a flat monomer that, upon detachment from a flat cluster, ...
This means that the mean period of the quadrennial wave is a multiple of the mean period of the annual QSW, that is, 4 years precisely. Stimulation of the quadrennial QSW from the ENSO results from the evaporation of subsurface warm waters when they are raised to the surface in the ...