Lp(a) level > 180 mg/dL (> 430 nmol/L) is considered by ESC/EAS 2019 to be a risk equivalent for FH.17 However, such markedly elevated Lp(a) levels are uncommon and hazard ratios for ASCVD are more modest (1.5- to 2-fold) in most patients with Lp(a) elevated above “normal”...
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major cause of premature death worldwide, accounting for 37 % of the 16 million annual deaths caused by non-communicable diseases in those younger than 70 years of age [1]. Atherosclerosis is a process that begins early in life and its progre...
Not all kidney diseases are the same. Much of what has been discussed here relates to the most common forms of CKD (e.g., diabetes and hypertension). Some forms of CKD not yet completely understood have different risk profiles, including environmental exposures, genetic predisposition, and autoi...
Among them, bile acids play anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective roles in neurodegenerative diseases, thus research on bile acids-gut brain axis chronic-degenerative diseases has been a hot topic in recent years [133]. The bile acid activated receptors FXR and GPBAR1 are considered ...
This condition is increasingly recognized as a potent driver of increased cardiovascular risk in the general population (20), even if its role in the CKD-ASCVD relationship has been less explored. Although these complex alterations in lipid profile are often considered a consequence of kidney ...
Box 1. Is it necessary to rule out other liver diseases before diagnosing NAFLD? The current guidelines on abnormal liver function tests have adopted a “diagnosis of exclusion” strategy, recommending screening for and ruling out various causes of liver disease systematically. In primary...