What characterizes the carbohydrates? What are the structural characteristics of starch? What is the directionality of the macromolecules, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids? Describe some examples of the energetic function of organic molecules. (a) What are the 4 main macromolecules? (b) What are...
et al. Local immune response to food antigens drives meal-induced abdominal pain. Nature 590, 151–156 (2021). This study characterizes a peripheral mechanism that underlies food-induced abdominal pain upon loss of local oral tolerance, mediated by food-antigen specific IgE-dependent activation of...
What type of cell-surface characteristic helps an epithelial tissue in absorption and/or secretion? What is the difference between a B cell and a plasma cell? Where are desmosomes found between epithelial cells? What do dendritic cells do? Why are they called antigen-presenting cells? Where wou...
Martinus Beijerinck defines the agent responsible for the tobacco mosaic disease as a virus which he characterizes as a “living and fluid infectious agent” 1900: Mendel’s hereditary laws are (re)discovered by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak 1902/1910: Fred Neufeld clas...
These findings provide evidence that en- hanced sensitivity of the rectal gyrus (region involved with salience attribution and implicated in compulsive behaviors) may underlie the enhanced saliency value of the drug in addicted sub- jects and the compulsive drug intake that characterizes cocaine ...
The integration of conventional and unconventional T cells that characterizes cell-mediated responses. This review builds on evidence that to , , parasites, and are an integration of conventional and unconventional T-cell activities. Whereas conventional T c... DJ Pennington,D Vermijlen,EL Wise,.....
IFN-γ is produced by natural killer (NK) cells, characterizes the T helper 1 (Th1) pattern, and has a wide range of effects including monocyte and macrophage activation [107]. The Th1 cell response, which is required to contain M. tuberculosis infection, is largely characterized by IFN-γ...
Excessive inflammation in association with immune depression characterizes sepsis, severe forms of acute pancreatitis, and COVID-19. In particular, these three syndromes share common pathogenetic mechanisms, but they also present peculiar and distinct characteristics. This paper has aimed to examine the ...
a. Fever is a specific response to a specific antigen. b. Fever is an elevated body temperature due to inflammation. c. Fever is an innate body defense. d. Fever decreases the metabolic rate of tissues. e. Fever r What possible outcomes might happen if swine fl...
The inflammatory cascade that characterizes ischemic myocardial injury has been related to the differentiation of monocytes into endothelial cells and to the mobilization of other cell populations to the damaged tissue [27, 28]. On the other hand, resident cardiac stem cells have also been implicated...