In many countries, most the population now have high levels of hybrid immunity against COVID, thanks to the combined effects of vaccination and immunity from COVID infections. This means our immune systems are well equipped to recognize and kill COVID if we become infected. In the UK, this ...
CS-induced injury to airway epithelial cells also causes the release of various danger-associated molecular patterns. These signals are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on epithelial cells, which trigger non-specific, inflammatory responses includi...
are waiting for licenced e-cigarettes to become available before they will recommend them to clients. However, less than a quarter view e-cigarettes as “a good thing”. Managers and commissioners were more positive than practitioners. SSS personnel working for the NHS (hospitals and GP ...