Unlike pure conductors, electrons in a semiconductor must obtain energy from an external source, such as light. There are two kinds of semiconductor: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic variety are pure with no addition of doping materials or impurities. The extrinsic kind is prepared by doping...
The electron configuration for an atom describes the assignment of the electrons in the atomic orbitals comprising each sub-shell of the electron shells for the atom extending to the outermost shell of occupancy. This is important for predicting how (and which) electrons are shared, donated, or ...
According to the octet rule, atoms gain or lose valence electrons in order to achieve eight valence electrons, which is known as the noble gas electron configuration. Atoms can gain or lose valence electrons by becoming an ion or by forming bonds with other atoms....
A third method of making alloys is to fire beams of ions (atoms with too few or too many electrons) into the surface layer of a piece of metal. Ion implantation, as this is known, is a very precise way of making an alloy. It's probably best known as a way of making the ...
Doping Process: Doping involves adding impurities like antimony, arsenic, or phosphorus to a pure semiconductor, which increases the number of free electrons. Majority Carriers: In n-type semiconductors, free electrons are the majority carriers, meaning they primarily carry the electrical charge. Minori...
phosphorus. antimony. copper. water. alcohol. hydrogen. Are all substances diamagnetic? Indeed, all substances arediamagnetic: the strong external magnetic field speeds up or slows down the electrons orbiting in atoms in such a way as to oppose the action of the external field in accordance with...
Ap-typesemiconductor has dopants with five electrons in its valence layer. Phosphorus is commonly used for this purpose, as well as arsenic, or antimony. Uses of Semiconductors Broadly speaking, semiconductors fall into four main product categories: ...
N-type semiconductors are extrinsic semiconductors that carry more electrons, and are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with impurities like phosphorus, antimony or arsenic. The “n” in “n-type” stands for “negative,” referring to the negative charge from the large amount of free ...
In science it is necessary to know exactly what we are talking about, so before we can even begin to consider matter from a chemical point of view, we need to know something about its composition; is the stuff I am looking at a single substance, or is it a mixture? (We will get in...
Bacteria are evolved to adapt and survive in any kind of ecological niches; from normal toextreme environments. Hence, they are ubiquitous. They are found in every possible habitat on the Earth; soil, air, and water. They are associated with all the biotic and abiotic components of the Earth...