In this TCP/IP tutorial, we will explain different layers and their functionalities in TCP/IP model: TCP/IP Conceptual Layers The functionality of the TCP IP model is divided into four layers, and each includes specific protocols. TCP/IP is a layered server architecture system in which each l...
Dive deep into the OSI Model to understand its seven layers, their functions, and how it defines the networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers.
The topic what is layer 2 network also relates to the layer 3 layer. They are two layers of the OSI model. Layer 2 is a physical layer, which is concerned with the physical aspects of a network. It deals with how data travels over a network cable or wireless signal, such as speed ...
Learn about firewalls in networking, their functions and types, and how they protect your network from unauthorized access and cyber threats.
1. Network access layer: Combines the processes of layers 1 and 2 in the OSI model. But where are OSI layers 5 and 6 in the TCP/IP model? Some sources hold that the processes at OSI layers 5 and 6 either are no longer necessary in the modern Internet, or actually belong to layers...
Low-performance devices at lower network layers are not suitable for root bridges, so you need to set low priorities for these devices. (Optional) Run the stp pathcost-standard { dot1d-1998 | dot1t | legacy } command to specify a path cost calculation method. By default, the IEEE 802.1...
VPNs are classified as follows based on networking models: VPDN A virtual private dial-up network (VPDN) provides access services for enterprises, small ISPs, and mobile workforces. The VPDN access scope includes the coverage areas of both the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and integrat...
layers forming astack. Each layer in the stack is performed in a step-by-step manner: first, moving up the stack during data transmissions and then from the top of the stack down once the data reaches its destination. The layers of the OSI model, including the network layer, are shown ...
These layers are: Ports are a transport layer (layer 4) concept. Only a transport protocol such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) can indicate which port a packet should go to. TCP and UDP headers have a section for indicating port numbers. Network...
and usesMPLSto forward services. The access and aggregation layers adopt Layer 2 forwarding and the core layer uses L3VPN for data communication between base stations and core routers. In addition, the base stations are divided into multiple LANs. Packets are forwarded freely within each LAN, and...