A back-of-the-envelope calculation is carried out below to understand the composition of the weld during FSW. For simplicity of calculation it is assumed here that the shape of the material volume is of parallelepiped shape. In actual welding, material will take the shape of the surface of ...
INNOVATIVE ONLINE SIMULATOR WELDING TOOLS FOR COST CALCULATION PRODUCTION PROCESS XMLsimulatorweldingmechanical industryproduct modelThe modern society is extensively depending on a range of welded products like shipbuilding, bridges, constructions of pipes, boiler works, car manufacturing industries and ...
In each of Eqns [2.6]–[2.8], there is a term caused by the electromagnetic force that should be calculated first before the calculation of velocity. Assuming that the electric field is in a quasi-steady state and the electrical conductivity is constant, the scalar electric potential ϕ sati...
50 nm Al2O3polishing compounds. Some polished samples were etched with Keller’s Etchant for 15 s for SEM analysis. Additional samples were used for EBSD analysis. For TEM characterization, a sample of approximately 30 nm thickness was cut from the melting zone using a FIB microscope....
In microstructure analysis, the phases like Laves phase and the Z phase are not visible in the base metal or stir zone of the RAFM steel, so they were omitted from the calculation. Figure 20 shows that below 886 °C, M23C6 carbides were formed. When the temperature was above 988 °C,...
welding steelmanganese L120G13An approach for the development of a welding procedure for bed plates is presented. The method of selection of welding parameters as well as parent materials and welding consumables are discussed. Two ways of calculation of financial outlays on the manufacture of welded...
In microstructure analysis, the phases like Laves phase and the Z phase are not visible in the base metal or stir zone of the RAFM steel, so they were omitted from the calculation. Figure20shows that below 886 °C, M23C6 carbides were formed. When the temperature was above 988 °C, th...
2. The large heat input can be used to complete the welding of thick steel plates in a single pass, thus replacing the traditional multi-pass welding, which can significantly shorten the processing time, reduce energy consumption, and reduce the overall cost3,4. Therefore, the high-heat ...
Calculation of flow of material during FSW is necessary for the limiting the stresses induced to the material due to the forces and temperature variations. The viscosity (μ) of non-Newtonian thermoplastic material is the function of the flow stress (σ), strain rate (є) and the temperature...
Fig. 7. Thermodynamic calculation of the directly irradiated region at laser welding-brazing interface of magnesium/copper-plated steel : (a-b) chemical potential of Cu and Al in AZ92-Cu-Fe system; (c) the chemical potential of Al at the steel interface; (d) Gibbs free energy at the st...