Firstly, we need to understand the meaning of the weight terms i.e., wiwi. They mean to represent the probability/influence/frequency of the value (xixi) on the final outcome (whether it be the nearest point, the chance of winning, pixel color). i.e., x=f(w...
The quantification of the local diffusion anisotropy is reflected though the calculation of ‘rotationally invariant’ parameters. Although there are several indices that can be derived from DTI, the most commonly reported are Mean Diffusivity (MD) and Fractional Anisotropy (FA). MD is the mean of ...
The mean values and percentiles of the APTw signals are summarized inTable 2. The graph of the percentiles of the APTw signal is shown inFigure 2. There were no significant differences in the mean values of the APTw signals between the PCNSL and glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype cases (p= 0.56...
Through providing additional information on anisotropy diffusion and total diffusion orientations, DTI can achieve a more precise ADC calculation thanks to scalar parameters, such as Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Mean Diffusivity (MD), Radial Diffusivity (RD), and Axial Diffusivity (AD) [18,19]. ...
Education (GPA, final grades, average grades), finances (e.g., WACC - Weighted Average Cost of Capital). Relationship Arithmetic mean ≥ Geometric mean ≥ Harmonic mean (for non-negative data) General formulas for means look as follows: Arithmetic mean: A=a1+a2+…+ann=1n∑i=1naiA=na1...
1.16 ± 0.16 × 10–3 mm2/s for poorly differentiated nodules, lower than the well [1.43 ± 0.09 × 10–3 mm2/s] and moderately [1.34 ± 0.19 × 10–3 mm2/s] differentiated HCCs. The overall SI value was 75.66 ± 32.94. The mean SI value...
The KM method has three conditions that limit its generalizability to other variables of interest in clinical research: Binary Condition The event must be binary in nature or coded into binary form (0 for non-occurrence, 1 for occurrence). It is not possible to capture grades or stages of se...
The most common image pre-processing for the texture analysis approaches are the limitation of dynamics to µ ± 3σ (where µ is the mean gray-level value and σ is the standard deviation) and gray level compression based on the range between δ and 2δ (where δ is the number of ...
That is the fuzzy set (FS), a “class” with a continuum of grades of membership. It is defined as follows: Definition 1 (Zadeh [21]). A fuzzy set A on a universe X is an object of the form 𝐴={(𝑥,𝜇𝐴(𝑥))|𝑥∈𝑋}, (3) where 𝜇𝐴(𝑥)∈[0,1] is ...
The most common image pre-processing for the texture analysis approaches are the limitation of dynamics to µ ± 3σ (where µ is the mean gray-level value and σ is the standard deviation) and gray level compression based on the range between δ and 2δ (where δ is the number of ...