Precise modeling of weighted mean temperature (Tm) is essential for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology. In retrieving precipitable water vapor (PWV) from GNSS, Tm is a crucial parameter for th
Much like weights can be incorporated into the sample mean to form a weighted mean, a weighted median can be defined as the sample which minimizes the weighted cost function (7)GP(β)=Σi=1NWi|xi−β|P for p = 1. For p = 2, the cost function (7) is quadratic and the value ...
Also, Osburn and Callender's research on mean sampling variance formulae did not generalize to meta-analysis using the average correlation estimator to measure sample error variance. Finally, results show that while both methods may generate similar parameter and variance estimates in primary meta-...
Precise modeling of weighted mean temperature (Tm) is essential for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology. In retrieving precipitable water vapor (PWV) from GNSS, Tm is a crucial parameter for the conversion of zenith wet delay (ZWD) into
Another way is to adjust the penalty coefficient α value in Formula 6. As shown in Fig. 4, we fixed γ=2. As α increases, numerous pseudo-labels are abandoned and replaced by higher-quality ones. When α is small, pseudo-labels have a higher quantity. This is attributed to the fact...
Despite having no significant genes (p < 0.01), the mean expression change of the genes in the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis--globo series pathway was over 3-fold; specific values for significance and fold-change for the genes in this pathway are shown in Table 5. The glycosphingolipid ...
in particular, we replicated payoffs, number of participants, and number of repetitions. for each algorithm, we computed the overall mean squared error (mse) between simulated data and experimental data, defined by $$\begin{aligned} q_1 = \frac{1}{n} \sum _{k=1}^n \bigl ( e_k -...
The mathematical formula for this process is shown in Equations (1)– (4): (1) (2) (3) (4) represents the mean,represents the standard deviation,andare the parameters,represents the number of convolutional kernels,andrepresent the weight and bias term of thejth convolutional kernel in theit...
Translating into marginal WTP, people are willing to pay about 979 RMB (Chinese yuan) with a 95% confidence interval of [220, 1739] for a marginal decrease in air pollution, evaluated at the mean monthly income level. Table 2. Model estimation results from global ordinal regression models. ...
In the second row of the table, Kβ is the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order β. For explicit formula of Wendland's functions ϕd,k(εr) see [53, Chapter 9]. Table 1. Typical RBFs for r = ‖x‖2, x∈Rd. RBFϕ(r)ParametersOrder Gaussian exp(ε...