where ɛz is the acoustic strain amplitude, and λs and ωs are the wavelength and angular frequency of the acoustic wave, respectively. The dynamic strain imposed on the FBG influences the output with respect to two aspects. First, the mechanical contribution results in a deformation along ...
The response time is a crucial metric for evaluating the performance of photodetectors under high-frequency conditions, defined as the time difference between 10% and 90% of the response amplitude. Owing to the wavelength sensitivity characteristic of the photodetector, the response time varies with ...
Block diagram of an analog oscilloscope. A trigger level can be set by the trigger generator and compared with the selected trigger signal. At the moment, when the trigger signal amplitude reaches the trigger level, a pulse is created by the trigger generator, which sets the starting time for...
Figure 4c shows the measured transmission amplitude against frequency at the receiving angles of 0°, 12°, 14°, 16° and 18° (the complete measured data sets are plotted in Supplementary Figure S7), and Fig. 4d shows the measured transmission amplitude against receiving angle extracted ...
A wave is characterized by its frequency, wavelength, amplitude and polarization. The possible frequencies of electromagnetic waves extend from the extremely high frequencies of the gamma rays to the relatively low frequencies of the radio waves. Visible light is...
Preservation of high power contrast between ‘1’ and ‘0’, and of both amplitude fluctuations and timing jitter below some acceptable levels, are mandatory for high transmission quality, evaluated through bit-error-rate (BER) measurements or estimated by Q-factors. Moreover, in future optical ...
where ɛz is the acoustic strain amplitude, and λs and ωs are the wavelength and angular frequency of the acoustic wave, respectively. The dynamic strain imposed on the FBG influences the output with respect to two aspects. First, the mechanical contribution results in a deformation along ...
Depending on the step frequency, light wavelength vectors can be expressed as λ = [λn1, λn2, λn3, λn4]. When the motion amplitude is fixed, the output light intensity increases as the distance between the human and the detector decreases, and the wavelength of light is determined...
As an example and not a limitation, the rising edge of the heater electrical signal may reach a higher amplitude than the average amplitude of the waveform and then taper down to a flat plateau similar to that of a square-wave signal. Further, when the wavelength of the laser is ...
Narrow bandwidth light transmitting unit 1-1 is composed of a light source implemented by a semi-conductor laser LD and an external light modulator Mod for amplitude-modulating a direct current light output from the semi-conductor laser LD with a 10-Gbps STS-192 signal. A Mach-Zehnder optical...