2.2.2. Free water Free water (also called gravitation water)moves through the soil voids under the force of gravity. It is important to be conversant with free water as road drainage systems can be affected by the amount of this water type. The amount of free water has an immediate influe...
Abstract Groundwater interactions with mountain streams are often simplified in model projections, potentially leading to inaccurate estimates of streamflow response to climate change. Here, using a high-resolution, integrated hydrological model extending 400 m into the subsurface, we find groundwater an...
Resilience thinking within socio-hydrological systems As a consequence of the rising impact of humans on the water cycle84and the increasing effects of hydrological changes (including extremes) on human societies, hydrology research has progressed from analysing the physical processes associated with the ...
Radiological contaminants are caused by radioactive elements. Sources of radioactive material could be soils or rocks the water moves through or some industrial waste. Erosion of natural deposits of certain minerals (radioactive) may emit radiations (like α, β). Radiological elements (viz. U226...
is an open-access journal that moves research to innovation by focusing on the challenges water-intensive industries are facing in the utilisation, management and treatment of water resources. Industries, such as the mining, manufacturing and energy sectors, use a portfolio of water resources in the...
Water moves through plants from a moist substrate to a much drier atmosphere. Even at soil moisture thresholds causing plant death, soil is still usually far ‘wetter’ than the atmosphere, as gauged by water potential (ψ). For example, few plants can survive in soil with a water potential...
[13]. At Birnin kebbi the Illo aquifer seems to be hydraulically continuous with the artesian aquifer in the Rima group. The potentiometry analysis implied that water moves southward from the Rima aquifer into the aquifer of the Illo Group, which in turn discharges into the lower reaches of ...
Water moves spontaneously from a point of high water potential to one of low water potential in any system or across systems, once there is a pathway for water movement. The symbol commonly used to denote water potential is “Ψ” (the Greek letter “Psi”). Water potential is actually a...
The water status of transpiring tree crowns depends on a hydraulic continuum from the soil matrix around roots to the sub-stomatal cavity of leaves, with a multitude of hydraulic resistances along this path. Although the stem xylem path may not be the most critical of these resistances, it ha...
After the fracture, the key stratum 2 sinks greatly, and the upper follow-up strata moves synchronously, due to the broken rock which is gradually compacted below. Therefore, it will lead to cavities below the higher key strata. With the increase of the mining range, the corresponding key ...