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A study has been made of the hardness of the water throughout the United States in regard to its distribution by states and by total population. The purpose was twofold: a) to determine the range of performance necessary for a soap or synthetic detergent product in order to be satisfactory ...
Total hardness (as Ca) 235–1328 ppm 287 ppm 300 ppm 28% Total alkalinity (as CaCO3, Alkaphot) 145–750 ppm 250 ppm – – Total dissolved solids 150–4599 ppm 1756 ppm 1000 ppm 58% Sulfate 4–5412 ppm 370 ppm 250 ppm 59% Sodium 1–788 ppm 104 ppm 200 ppm 26% Chloride 0–931...
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Reverse osmosis significantly reduced total organic carbon, conductivity, hardness, and TOC (p value < 0.001) (Table S7). Table 4 Effect of domestic filters on disinfection by-products (DBPs) concentrations in tap water. Full size table Urinary biomarkers of exposure Table 5 presents summary ...
Ca2+and Mg2+ions are the major cations that cause hardness in water. Carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, and nitrate are the most common anions that induce hardness (Logeshkumaran et al.2015). The Ca2+concentration in the study area was found to be under WHO limit. The average valu...
present groundwater quality to determine spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters such as total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, bicarbonates, sodium, potassium, nitrates, chlorides and sulphates to generate groundwater quality zone map for the study ...
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2014). Sr could decrease enamel solubility to prevent the decrease of the hardness of the enamel surface (Wang et al. 2019), so Sr salts are added into toothpaste to maintain dental health. On the contrary, the intake of a high Sr level may pose a potential threat to human health (...
The main cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and total hardness (TH) were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP), the ions SO42−, Cl−, NO3− and F− were measured by ion chromatography and HCO3- was determined by titration. The ion charge balances...