The formula to calculate the hardness of water (in mg/L) can be written as: Hardness=2.497Cal+4.118MgHardness=2.497Cal+4.118Mg where Cal and Mg are amounts of calcium (Ca2+)(Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+)(Mg2+) in mg/L, respectively. Based on the value of hardness, the water is ...
The Saturation Index (SI) is calculated using the formula:SI = pH + TF + CF + AF - 12.1Where:pH is the measure of how acidic or basic the water is. TF (Temperature Factor) is determined from a lookup table based on the current water temperature in °F. CF (Calcium Hardness Factor...
Water hardness (expressed in units of mg/L) is the total amount of divalent cations such as Mg2+ or Ca2+ in the solution [64]. The more calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in the water, the greater the water’s hardness. At the same time, the greater the hardness of the water, ...
The calculation formula is as follows: SAR=Na+(Ca2++Mg2+)/2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√SAR=Na+(Ca2++Mg2+)/2 (1) %Na is used to represent the risk of alkali damage caused by irrigation water. The higher the value for %Na, the greater the risk of ...
The Winkler method is carried out in four steps: acidification, oxidation, back-titration, and calculation. We will go through each step in detail below. Before you begin, it is important to have all of your apparatus and reagents ready. Make sure that you have everything you need, and th...
In view of this, hydro-chemical analyses were undertaken on 35 groundwater samples and the following hydro-geochemical parameters, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), electrical conductivity (EC), cations and anions, were analyzed. From the analytical results, it is found ...
6a), and the spatial interpolation calculation of Ordinary kriging method makes the groundwater quality in these areas more close to the adjacent samples, resulting in uncertainties in the interpolation results (Ji et al., 2021). However, the groundwater quality of Honghe River, Ruhr River and ...
Measurements taken from over 40 tips produced an average value of R = 53 ± 20 nm, which is used in the calculation. Results and discussion Nanorheological studies Before performing each nanoindentation experiment, the surface of the cutin was imaged. The images clearly show the outline of the...
(in Newtons) is defined as the maximum compression force required by two parallel plates to increase the internal pressure of the water-soluble unit dose article up to the point of burst. Articles bursting at the seal area are reported as “seal failures” used in the calculation of the % ...
using nine parameters associated to domestic wastewater pollution. The calculation involves transforming chemical concentrations values, in dimensionless quality grades, using normalized curves. The multiplicative formula to produce a single WQI-NSF value, operates the dimensionless subindex raised to a power...