Modern cooling towers are of two primary types, mechanical draft (fans move air through the tower) and natural draft (air flows naturally through the tower.) The latter is the huge hyperbolic towers at large coal or nuclear power plants, and are much less common than mechanical-draft towers,...
First, pumping from deep aquifers can alter vertical hydraulic gradients and speed up downward flows of shallow groundwaters13,29,30,31,32; the existence of preferential flow pathways through permeable geologic structures (e.g., discontinuities in aquitards at faults or permeable intercalations33) ...
Xu et al.11 conducted an experimental study of a co-current upward and downward in a transparent vertical pipe. The phase inversion and frictional pressure gradients were investigated using white oil and water in a 50 mm inner diameter pipe. The flow patterns are usually recognized by visual ...
Water is introduced through an injector with flow rates between 1-20 1/min and 1-10 1/min respectively. The air circuit provides flows between 0-2,500 1/min, so it is possible to measure either vertical free fall or forced annular flow. Measurements of the liquid film thickness have ...
Upward and downward inclination oil–water flows Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 32 (4) (2006), pp. 413-435 Google Scholar Nädler and Mewes, 1997a M. Nädler, D. Mewes Flow induced emulsification in the flow of two immiscible liquids in horizontal pipes Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 23 (1) ...
Figure 7.Relative vertical velocity profiles through (A) a cold-based ice-sheet on bedrock, (B) a warm-based ice-sheet on bedrock, and (C) a warm-based ice-sheet on deformable sediment, showing the different components of glacial flow under the different thermal regimes. ...
first it flow through the tangent line around the housing to form a flowing obliquely downward.the flowing water will revolve and flow downwards,when the flowing liquid reach the circular cone it will swirl around the axis ,then it flows out of the sand separator ,th...
potential will become more negative than deeper soil, upward flow from 60 to 40 cm depth Inputs of rain, water A table rises within 60cm of the ground surface 6.4.2 Infiltration Definition: The process by which precipitation moves downward through the surface of the earth & replenishes(补充)...
Here we demonstrate that water-table depth, a sensitive indicator of hydroclimate, can be quantitatively reconstructed using Kr and Xe isotopes in groundwater. We present the first-ever measurements of these dissolved noble gas isotopes in groundwater at high precision (≤0.005‰ amu−1; 1σ),...
The vertical overpressure gradient within the mudstone (contour spacing) decreases from A to A′ based on observations at the Macondo and Galapagos wells. The black dashed line approximates the flow divide: pore water flows upward above this line and downward below it. The vertical axis shows ...