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After centrifuging, the suspension was filtered by 0.22 μm filter membrane. Samples for analyzing major cations and trace elements were filtered into 10 mL tubes and acidified to pH < 2 by using 6 mol/L purified-HNO3. The samples for major anions analysis were stored without acidification and...
The three levels of surveillance are complementary and shape the overall public health response. Surveillance is often a dynamic process, influenced by experience from past outbreaks, public policy, and ongoing data collection. Obviously, we can define the extent of an outbreak most clearly when comp...
S1), and the modified PW kit generated poor data for prepared samples from the membrane filter compared to MP and PS (Table S3) and, therefore, not considered for field samples. Evaluation of DNA extraction methods using field samples Two iron incrustation samples received from Australian ...
(formed in other non-membrane systems) bacterial cell density ranges from about 0.08 to 0.22 cells μm–3with porosities of 30–80%65. From RO membrane autopsies and other studies, bacterial cell density in biofilms are clearly much higher due to compaction from high applied pressure, so ...
Heat up one liter of filtered water. You want the water to be warmer than room temperature but not boiling or very hot. It should be cooler than the temp you would use to brew tea or coffee. Grab a glass jar with a lid, and add the salt, hot water, and some fresh lemon juice ...
From each biofilm slurry (6 replicates per treatment, in sum 18 samples) a sub-sample was filtered with a syringe on a GF/C filter (1.2 μm pore size, Whatman, Cytiva Europe GmbH). Each filter was then cut into small pieces, transferred into a glass vial and 6 mL 90% acetone were...
This is clearly a rotation in the horizontal plane, which we expect because we collapsed the water mesh to z = 0 before computing the gradients. In the more general case where the base surface is not flat, this would be a full 3x3 matrix. In either case, order is importa...
At the beginning (within the first 5 min) and at a filtered wavelength of λ2, the BER performances of the 400 Gb/s WDM-PAM4 OWC system through 200 m free-space transmission and through 200 m free-space transmission with 6.5 m turbid water–air–turbid water link is shown in Fig. 3a...
followed by the addition of 15 ml hydrogen peroxide (30 wt.%) until the solution became orange–brown. The resulting solution was filtered and washed with 200 ml hydrochloric acid (3.7 wt.%) for 12 h. The derived filter cake was dispersed in de-ionized water, and the obtaine...