Case studyElementary teachers play a crucial role in supporting and scaffolding students' model-based reasoning about natural phenomena, particularly complex systems such as the water cycle. However, little research exists to inform efforts in supporting elementary teachers' learning to foster model-...
Various ML scoring approaches have been used to evaluate student CRs in science; these reports cover a range of grade levels and disciplinary topics (Jescovitch et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2014; Nehm et al., 2012; Wilson et al., 2023), such as the water cycle in secondary science (...
The requirements of HQE vary from the emphasis on energy during the construction to energy development and ecology during the total life cycle of a building. The intermediate objectives of energy resource management, along with their indicators, are presented in Fig. 5. The energy with six ...
Most of the reference literature on asset management recommends a whole-life costing approach (also known as life-cycle approach). However, this is not directly applicable to urban water infrastructures and other networked infrastructures that have indefinite lives and behave as syst...
The former contains cia_main and ucia_main functions and the latter contains the urban_cycle function. The inf function calculates the infiltration values using the CN-related methods, as mentioned in Section 2.2 (dark green in Fig. 3). The LU, HSG, and HC/altitude values of the study ...
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Moreover, advanced optimization techniques can be employed to generate water savings throughout the urban water life cycle process resulting in operational efficiencies for the owner of the water distribution network [8]. Moving beyond the use of data, recent developments in smart networked actuators ...
For example, a dry air cooling system for a natural gas combined cycle generator consumes and withdraws 0.00–0.02 L/kWh, whereas a wet cooling (open recirculating) system for a coal steam turbine consumes 0.53 L/kWh and withdraws 132.5 L/kWh. Efficiency varies significantly, ...
Decentralization with a proper source separation stage is a long-term winning strategy for improving the energy efficiency of the urban water cycle; it offers closed loops of resource uses, which is in line with the circular economy principles. Kalehbasti et al.162 tested a novel method to ...
Snow and ice accumulation and ablation are critical elements of the global hydrological cycle. Spatial distribution of snow depth, an indicator of snow water equivalent, is generally estimated using in situ measurements or data obtained from weather stations. In situ measurements are time-consuming and...