To overcome these difficulties, we have applied several well-known popular metaheuristic algorithms (Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA), Artificial Electric Field Algorithm (AEFA), Teaching Learning Based Optimization Algorithm (TLBOA), Grey Wolf Optimizer Algorithm (GWOA), Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), ...
This model was proposed to describe the concept of environmental systems and the structure of complex cause-and-effect relationships by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in 1999. It is mainly applied in assessments of ecological security, regional sustainable development, and water resource ...
Around 30–40 years ago, principles and methods were developed to conceptualise, assess and manage risk. These principles and methods are sti
The organoleptic effect criterion is more stringent than the value for priority toxic pollutants. v This value was derived from data for heptachlor, and the criteria document provides insufficient data to estimate the relative toxicities of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. w Although EPA has not pub...
Páramos are high mountain ecosystems strategic for water provision in South America. Currently, páramos are under threat due to agricultural inte
The water from leaks is not actually ‘wasted’ from the hydrological cycle. Much of it percolates underground and recharges aquifers. Hydrologists often take account of leakage when assessing groundwater flows (Section 4.5). Show moreView chapterExplore book Volume 2 A.C. Grandjean, J.K. Bar...
We analyzed the effect of hydroperiod and water temperature on the life cycle of the giant water bug Belostoma bifoveolatum in two wetlands of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In each wetland, we estimated adult and nymph abundance and monitored water depth and temperature throughout the study...
In addition, the concentrations Cl− and SO42− increased along with the groundwater runoff due to the leaching effect. Figure 2. Stiff plots of groundwater in the Xiong’an New Area, North China. 1 shallow‒shallow groundwater in Zone 1; 2 shallow‒shallow groundwater in Zone 2; ...
The Earth has remained magmatically and volcanically active over its full geologic history despite continued planetary cooling and a lack of thermal equilibrium in the mantle. Here we investigate this conundrum using data-constrained numerical models of
The amount effect is generally explained by the continued condensation and rainouts from an air mass during heavy precipitation events that deplete the vapor of heavier isotopes1,2. The advancement of isotope-enabled climate and Earth system models3has improved our understanding of the effects of va...