Hydroelectric generation is currently the highest volumetric use of water in Scotland. After calculating this volume, the paper considers the nature of some of the non-priced costs associated with this use. The paper is set in the context of the transposed EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), ...
Benefits and costs of implementing the Directive also can be tested at the national level. This paper considers the evaluation of costs and benefits at 2 scales in Scotland: microlevel analysis, for case studies on the rivers Tummel and Dee and the Forth Estuary, and macrolevel analysis. In ...
In Scotland the last day of the year is the most important holiday of __1__, more important than __2__. On New Year’s Eve friends and neighbours go from house to house wishing each other good health and good luck. On New Year’s Day all shops and factories are closed ...
The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) prescribes cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) as an economic tool for the minimisation of costs when formulating programmes of measures to be implemented in the European river basins by the year 2009. The WFD does not specify, however, which approach to CEA...
The costs are high to be the world's northernmost water.Gathering icebergsjust before they melt into the seas around Svalbard next to the North Pole at 78° north is laborious. Bottling in high-design packaging worthy of the source requires premium supplier sourcing. Supporting CO2-removing proje...
In the UK, a mixture of public–private (Scotland, Northern Ireland), private (England), and employee-owned (Wales) companies provide water, wastewater, and stormwater services under-regulated and non-regulated regimes [10, 11]. Over 50 million household and non-household consumers in England ...
This can be changed at additional project costs, but it has positive attributes in both instances. Dams in most cases are solid cement and earth barriers. Sluices under the spillway can be built to allow sub-dam water release instead over the lip of the spillway. This form of water ...
Households in England and Wales are predicted to see an annual jump of an average of 6.2% (or £28) according to industry body Water UK, and households in Scotland expected to see an increase of 8.8% or £35.95 a year, according to Scottish Water - Northern Ireland figures are not ...
In “Robustness of Social-Ecological Systems to Spatial and Temporal Variability” (Janssen et al., 2007), a historical context was adopted to consider the setup relating to land management and transaction costs in medieval Europe. The problems associated with private ownership and boundaries' enforce...
have trade-offs, and therefore the implementation of these technologies is determined by factors such as costs, throughput capabilities, transmission ranges, latency (latency is the time it takes for a signal to travel a physical distance), and the device’s longevity in aquatic conditions [5,46...