(7.27), the ripple factor can also be expressed as (7.69)RF=2∑n=2,4,8,1n2−12 Considering only the lowest-order harmonic n=2, the output ripple factor of a simple inductor-input dc filter (without Cf) can be found, from Eqs. (7.64) and (7.69), as (7.70)FilteredRF=0.47141+...
Rectifying diodes can also be made using the junction of silicon and aluminium. These are called Schottky barrier diodes. These junctions only have majority carriers. Since there is no need to remove the minority carriers, the storage time (t1 in Figure 13.15) is zero and therefore the speed ...
The steady-state error defined in (7) can be eliminated by adding the controller to AVR. The controller's role is not just about eliminating steady-state errors but also about maintaining voltage regulation, ensuring system stability, responding to dynamic changes, and preventing voltage violations...
While designers can take steps to reduce voltage transients, such as using anti-static enclosures, filtering, clamping at the source, or implementing additional grounding, these measures often need to be revised or upgraded depending on the specific application scenario. To reliably minimize or ...
multiplier is that the control channel can be fully blocked for all values of VXbelow zero. As a practical matter, the offset voltage of the control channel can be made to be about one-tenth that of a general-purpose four-quadrant multiplier; this also provides improved low level gain ...
Small resistors can also be placed at the emitter of the devices to improve linearity and speed at the cost of increased noise and decreased open-loop gain. This is normally done because it increases stability, but the effect is not discussed here. In the bipolar process, VOS is created ...
te86 Obsole87 a bonding option, the RSTIN pin can also be pulled-down for 512 internal clock cycles for hardware, software or watchdog timer triggered resets O 5T Internal Reset Indication Output. This pin is set to a low level when the part is executes hardware-, software- or watchdog...
the production of O–O species is also obviously inhibited for LSLR, which is demonstrated by the intensity of vibration in RIXS spectra (Fig.4f) and the ex situ Raman spectra of the charged electrodes (Supplementary Fig.19). Combined with the above spectral results, it can be proved that...
Power systemovervoltagecan be divided into two categories, internal and external. External overvoltage, also known as atmospheric overvoltage, is caused by lightning. Depending on the cause, internal overvoltage can be divided into switching and temporary overvoltage. Switching overvoltage is overvolta...
Nevertheless, this problem becomes particularly critical in high voltage (also called HT for “high tension”) applications and must be taken into consideration. On HT power lines, it can be seen (Figure 1.26) that particular solutions have been implemented: “guard rings” or corona rings (or...