Power systemovervoltagecan be divided into two categories, internal and external. External overvoltage, also known as atmospheric overvoltage, is caused by lightning. Depending on the cause, internal overvoltage can be divided into switching and temporary overvoltage. Switching overvoltage is overvolta...
Rectifying diodes can also be made using the junction of silicon and aluminium. These are called Schottky barrier diodes. These junctions only have majority carriers. Since there is no need to remove the minority carriers, the storage time (t1 in Figure 13.15) is zero and therefore the speed ...
Resistors can be used to make a voltage divider circuit. Using this circuit, we can get any desired voltage drop. You can get half of the input voltage by connecting two of the same resistance value in series. But if you need a specific voltage drop, you can use the voltage drop formul...
The steady-state error defined in (7) can be eliminated by adding the controller to AVR. The controller's role is not just about eliminating steady-state errors but also about maintaining voltage regulation, ensuring system stability, responding to dynamic changes, and preventing voltage violations...
They can also be called a “logic-level shifter” or “voltage level translation” circuit. Level shifters are used to shift the voltage from one level to another. This is often used to allow compatibility between ICs that have different voltage requirements. Some of the more complicated ...
While designers can take steps to reduce voltage transients, such as using anti-static enclosures, filtering, clamping at the source, or implementing additional grounding, these measures often need to be revised or upgraded depending on the specific application scenario. To reliably minimize or ...
Therefore, they were also termed T-type channels. LVA channels can be detected in vari-ous tissues such as heart, brain, dorsal root ganglia and hormonal tissues. In the heart, they contribute to the pacemaker function of the sinoatrial node and the propagation of the action-potentials. In ...
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Nevertheless, this problem becomes particularly critical in high voltage (also called HT for “high tension”) applications and must be taken into consideration. On HT power lines, it can be seen (Figure 1.26) that particular solutions have been implemented: “guard rings” or corona rings (or...
A Baker's clamp push–pull can also be used to generate gate pulses of negative and positive polarity of adjustable width for driving the MCT [5–7]. The Baker's clamp ensures that the push–pull transistors will be in the quasi-saturated state prior to turn-off and this results in a...