Despite the viral etiology of several cancers, it appears that the viruses often may contribute to, but are not sufficient for, carcinogenesis; in fact, the majority of tumor virus-infected individuals do not develop cancer, and in those patients that do develop cancer many years may pass ...
IFNG-induced autophagy may also be countered by other cytokines that induce STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) [87]. As autophagy reg ulates many facets of the antiviral sensing and IFN response, and viruses extensively target autophagy to suppress the IFN response, ...
Through a variety of epigenetic processes that it has evolved, the virus can impact its host and aid in the onset and spread of cancer248. DDR pathway is activated during lytic EBV reactivation in response to a number of stimuli, including chemical inducers and human immunoglobulin G (IgG) ...
136, 137 Generally, RNA-containing viruses, including influenza virus, measles virus, poliovirus, reovirus, and Sindbis virus, induce apoptosis of host cells, whereas DNA-containing viruses, including adenovirus, CMV, EBV, HPV, and the poxviruses, encode proteins that block apoptosis. For some ...
HIV can create a more permissive environment for cancer development through immune inhibition, but we will focus on the previous two mechanisms in this review. Unlike traditional cancer therapies that cannot distinguish infected cells from non-infected cells, immunotherapies are uniquely equipped to ...
functional cure is achievable [138,139]. The use of siRNAs to epigenetically silence proviral HIV will be discussed in further detail in the section “Epigenetic silencing of HIV using RNAi”. Other LPAs explored to induce block and lock of HIV include small molecule inhibitors that inhibit the...
Cesur O, Nicol C, Groves H, Mankouri J, Blair GE and Stonehouse NJ: The subcellular localisation of the human papil- lomavirus (HPV) 16 E7 protein in cervical cancer cells and its pert...
This version of the viral genome is termed the provirus • Two replication strategies • Induce cell division leads to copies of the viral genome in each daughter cell • Productive infection spread of virus to other cells ...
Activated oncogenes induce hyperproliferation and replication stress, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that induce the DDR (Figure 1). This response activates the p53 tumor suppressor and triggers cell-cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. The DDR in precancerous lesions thereby acts...
DNA viruses need only to generate mRNA and thus replication involves strategies that are familiar in cell biology: transcription of mRNA from dsDNA and replication of dsDNA within the cell nucleus. Many use host enzymes for these processes, while some larger viruses code for their own enzymes. ss...