Quadrivalent and trivalent inactivated vaccines (IIVs), which are most commonly administered around the world, contain only antigens representative of human IAV and IBV strains, with limited coverage for zoonotic subtypes. While exploration of novel vaccine modalities that can provide broad spectrum ...
as well as eggs, and the purification and inactivation processes have improved8,9,10. Most of the current viral-based influenza vaccines are also quadrivalent, containing HA and NA antigens from two recommended IAV and two recommended
Traditional vaccines against the prevalent strain of AIV have been used in many countries for the control of H5 and H7 viruses (Swayne2003; OIE2005). AI vaccines are still not permitted, specifically banned or discouraged in many countries. However, the use of emergency vaccines AI control unde...
Seasonal influenza VLP vaccines were also subjected to clinical evaluation, as tabulated below (Table 1). In the Phase 1/2 clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01991587), quadrivalent VLPs produced in Nicotiana benthamiana by Medicago, Inc. induced a substantial increase in cross-reactive antibody...
WHO and EU guidance. Seasonal flu vaccines typically contain influenza A-H1N1, influenza AH3N2, and influenza B virus (IIV3). The quadrivalent IIV influenza vaccine now includes an additional B virus strain to enhance protection. Quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines were first licensed in 2012...