In recent years, China has emerged as the world’s largest shipbuilder, largest seafarer-supplying country, largest port state, and the third largest shipowner [46]. The earliest unmanned ship project was started by China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited (CSSC) in 2014 [47], and by Dece...
The public concern for vessel-accident oil spillages in the US following the Exxon Valdez accident resulted in the US Congress passing the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90). The Act established accountability for vessel oil spills in US waters. The liability of the vessel owner could be as...