垂直整合(Vertical Integration)是一种提高或降低公司对于其投入和产出分配控制水平的方法, 也即公司对其生产投入、产品或服务的分配的控制程度。 垂直整合有两种类型: 后向整合(Backward Integration)与前向整合(Forward Integration)。一个公司对于其生产投入的控制被称之为后向整合。 对其产出分配的控制则被称之为前...
垂直整合有两种类型:和生产过程的下一步进行合并称为向前整合(forward integration),和生产过程的上一步进行的合并称为向后整合(backward integration )。商业活动彼此之间的向前或向后取决于它们离最终消费者的距离的远近。 波特的价值链模型是对垂直整合的最佳理解与应用。垂直整合意味着公司的价值链与其供应商、经销...
Backward integration, forward integration, and vertical :后向一体化,整合,和垂直整合,后向,后向一体,向一体化,and,一体化,后向一体化,向一体化,向一体化,向整合 文档格式: .pdf 文档大小: 543.23K 文档页数: 46页 顶/踩数: 0/0 收藏人数:
Types of vertical integration There are three main types of vertical integration: backward, forward, and balanced integration. To learn the difference between the three, it’s essential to first review the basics of the supply chain and the river metaphor. The "supply chain river" encompasses all...
Balanced integration strategy is simply a combination of forward and backward integrations. Vertical integration examples Smartphones Industry Automotive Industry Oil Industry Media Industry Many businesses around the world use vertical integration to gain competitive advantage. Some of the examples include:App...
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This type of integration occurs when the vertical move is in both directions – forward and backward. Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), a Scottish American industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century, became involved in more than one stage of the supp...
Each manufacturer chooses one of the three strategies: forward integration, backward integration, or no vertical integration. We seek for a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium and study the resulting market structure. Moreover, we characterize the effect of vertical integration on profitability, product ...
Forward Integration:A company expands control of the distribution process and sale of its finished products withforward integration. A clothing manufacturer who sells its finished products to amiddleman, who then sells them in smaller batches to individual retailers may join a retailer and be able to...
An organization may also feel that its existing suppliers are exhibiting too much power over them. Through backward vertical integration, the organization can reduce or eliminate the leverage that suppliers have over the firm and by doing so, reduce costs. For example, if the supplier ...