垂直整合(Vertical Integration)是一种提高或降低公司对于其投入和产出分配控制水平的方法, 也即公司对其生产投入、产品或服务的分配的控制程度。 垂直整合有两种类型: 后向整合(Backward Integration)与前向整合(Forward Integration)。一个公司对于其生产投入的控制被称之为后向整合。 对其产出分配的控制则被称之为前...
Balanced integration is when a company practices both forward and backward integration. In other words, the company owns the full supply chain, from sourcing materials and design to its retail stores and distribution. Imagine you own a mid-sized coffee company, which you currently sell through thi...
backward integrationconsumer surpluscontrolling and passive integrationforward integrationinvestmentvertical foreclosurevertical integrationI show that partial vertical integration may either alleviates or exacerbate the concern for vertical foreclosure relative to full vertical integration and I exSocial Science ...
Such a firm may consider backward integrating into intermediate manufacturing or forward integrating into distribution, as illustrated below: Example of Backward and Forward Integration No Integration Raw Materials IntermediateManufacturing Assembly Distribution End Customer Backward Integration Raw Materials ...
Vertical integration is when a firm extends its operations within its supply chain. It means that a vertically integrated company will bring in previously outsourced operations in-house. The direction of vertical integration can either be upstream (backward) or downstream (forward). It can be achiev...
Forward integration extends a manufacturers control on retailing. On the other hand the backward integration allows the manufacturer to exert more control on the supplies so that it will have a direct impact on raw material inventory and its quality. The process of these two situations and their ...
backward integration forward integration vertical disintegration(Definition ofvertical integrationfrom theCambridge Business English Dictionary© Cambridge University Press) Examplesofvertical integration vertical integration This is in contrast to the current industryverticalintegrationthat is outside of farmers' ...
Backward Integration:A company seeks to acquire araw materialdistributor or provider at the beginning of a supply chain.Backward integrationmoves the ownership control of its products to a point earlier in the supply chain or the production process. A furniture retailer may seek to acquire a wood...
Backward vertical integration can reduce or eliminate the leverage that suppliers have over the firm, and by doing so, reduce costs. Forward integration is when a company owns its distribution channels and retail stores providing control of delivery, pricing, and sales. ...