Spider venom proteins characterized to date belong to several different broad classes: enzymes (such as proteases, phospholipases and hyaluronidases), small linear cytolytic peptides, and neurotoxins with differing functionality and size range [7]. The most commonly documented form of spider neurotoxin...
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were used to assess the release of interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-1F-2, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α from LPS-stimulated and non-stimulated U937 cells. The ELISA assay was carried out according to the kit manufacturer's instructions, except that the colour substrate used (3,3'5,...
To remove redundancy from each cluster, the longest sequence in each cluster was chosen as the transcript, meanwhile, the length of scaffold was extended based on overlapping sequences using Phrap assembler (release 23.0) (http://www.phrap.org). The distributions of the length of contigs, ...
The 3D structures of a number of P-I SVMPs soon followed, and to date, the structures of eleven P-I proteinases are available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) [20]. By the 1990s, the Sanchez lab (Biochemistry of Proteins from Animal Venoms) at FUNED, Brazil, started to investigate/...
To date, none of them had their primary structure determined. However, the SVMPI isolated from N. tesselata, named NtAH, displayed unique structural characteristics. It is the only high-molecular-mass (880 kDa) metalloendopeptidase inhibitor isolated from snake blood displaying an oligomeric ...
To date, many brown spider toxins have been described and their corresponding biochemical properties have been characterized, providing key information about their great potential for biotechnological purposes such as the design of pharmacological tools, diagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagents, cytotoxicity ...
However, as synaptic vesicle release can be substantially elevated under high-frequency stimulation, we conclude that the core fusion machinery is still operational, in accordance with our in vitro results, which show no cleavage of VAMP2, and that the reduced release is mainly due to defects ...
High-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry would provide a more accurate measure of each toxin type, but such an approach to venom measurement has not been undertaken to date. 3.2. Pharmacokinetic Studies in Humans In this meta-analysis, we were able to model literature-derived ...