Christoph F.Dietrich, ...MichaelBlaivas, inUltrasound in Medicine & Biology, 2017 Inferior vena cava The evaluation ofinferior vena cavadiameter and respiratory changes has long been used to estimatecentral venous pressure. More recently, it has been used to try and predict fluid responsiveness in...
50.3.1Vena cava 50.3.1.1Superior vena cava stenosis Stenosis ofsuperior vena cavais more commonly related tomalignancyor iatrogenic causes, such as thrombosis due to the presence of electronic device leads (e.g., pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator)[29], less frequently it may be apost...