We consider a generalization of the capacitated vehicle routing problem known as the cumulative vehicle routing problem in the literature. Cumulative VRPs are known to be a simple model for fuel consumption in VRPs. We examine four variants of the problem, and give constant factor approximation ...
This research offers unique insights into understanding fuel consumption in the road freight transportation industry, with a specific focus on the role of driver behavior. Our contributions are threefold. Firstly, we delve into the granular factors affecting fuel consumption and provide an exhaustive exp...
Then we developed two regression models to quantify the driving factors of the increasing gap and slow improvement in on-road fuel efficiency, and the contribution of each factor to the gap. Results show that the fuel efficiency gap enlarged from 14.4% in 2010 to 25.1% in 2016, and the ...
This is an important factor to consider when estimating battery emissions from Tesla’s Gigafactory in Nevada, which produced all of the batteries currently used in Model 3 vehicles. Nevada, where Tesla’s Gigafactory is located, has electricity that is, on average, around 30 per cent lower in...
This initial value is multiplied in a multiplier (49) by a proportionality factor (k) and subsequently indicated as a consumption value on a display device (53). The entire consumption from a specific time on is stored in an accumulator (52) in which the initial values (d) of the ...
The simpleRTK3B Micro Septentrio is ArduSimple's smallest form factor millimeter-level OEM RTK GNSS ... View SimpleRTK3B Pro RTK GNSS Receiver High-performance GPS & GNSS RTK receiver with millimeter-level accuracy High-performance GPS & GNSS RTK receiver with millimeter-level accuracy The ...
As the earliest generation of fuel consumption and emission factor model of motor vehicles, the Emission Factors (EMFAC) model [13] is developed by the California Air Resources Bureau. In addition, the European Environment Agency also funded the development of the computer program to calculate emis...
The main factor that needs to be considered is the optimal bandwidth of the light beam used for communication and transmission of information signal data, such as audio and video. Free-space technology is an older technology used for lower data communications. Due to the limited bandwidth, RF ...
Consumer preferences are a critical factor in the development of successful alternative fuel vehicles, or from here on AFVs (e.g., Molin, 2005, Struben and Sterman, 2008, Huijts et al., 2012). For this reason a wide range of recent studies have sought to explore these preferences in th...
in comparison to a conventional proportional controller-based adaptive-ECMS (A-ECMS), the standard ECMS (S-ECMS) with a properly tuned constant equivalence factor, and a rule-based strategy (RBS) over two different driving cycles and three restrictions on the fuel cell (FC) dynamics (|di/dt...