first PCA axis SEM: structural equation modeling VIF: variance inflation factors References Poulin R. Evolutionary ecology of parasites. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2011. Book Google Scholar Sheldon BC, Verhulst S. Ecological immunology: costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evoluti...
To assess the magnitude of multicollinearity in the model, the variance inflation factor (VIF) was utilized. The OLS model is calculated as follows: yi=β0+∑βixi+εi where yi is the dependent variable, β0 is the intercept, xi represents the independent variable, βi is the corresponding...
). Traits with VIF > 10 were excluded (Kim 2019). The data were transformed into edge-list format with nodes for traits like phenological, eco-physiological, leaf morphology, plant growth, and reproduction. The R library “igraph” (Csárdi 2024) was used to explore co-occurrence ...
C-sign. and functional richness, evenness and divergence) on the other hand. Secondly, we explored the correlation between both measures of ITVBI(SD and CV) on the one hand, and population-level
1B). Nightjars exhibit strong sexual dimorphism in this trait22,24, and, therefore, sex and spot size could not be included at the same time in the models due to collinearity problems (Variance Inflation Factor, VIF > 4, calculated using the ‘car’ package49). Only size of the ...
individual fitness by the mean fitness for each environmental gradient. To address multi-collinearity, variance inflation factors (VIFs) and pairwise phenotypic correlations were calculated using R libraries “car” (Fox2019) and “corrplot” (Wei2024). Traits with VIF > 10 were excluded (...
(VIF) and, consequently, the predictors ‘mean age’ and ‘temperature’ with returned values > 5 were removed. The hurdle models allowed us to examine whether a certain set of predictors has an effect on (1) the probability of a non-zero count in the zero and (2) the number of...
we checked for collinearity with theviffunction of the R packagecarversion 2.1.1 (Fox and Weisberg2011) and found no effect (Variance Inflation Factors (VIFs) of all 30 models < 1.26). For the GLMMs, we tested for overdispersion and found no evidence (RWB genital display frequency model...
the variance inflation factor (VIF) was used62. Stepwise linear regression was used to filter the 19 wood property variables, and find out which variables contribute the most to the wood composite index (PCA composite score value) without multicollinearity. PCA was used as a method of dimension...
The multi-collinearity between the independent vari- ables is estimated by using the maximum variance inflation factor (VIF) and maximum condition index (Cl). The regression model exhibits multi-collinearity when the condi- tion satisfy VIF > 10 or Cl > 30 (O'brien 2007; Velleman ...