Chance theory was founded for modeling complex systems with not only uncertainty but also randomness. As a mixture of randomness and uncertainty, an uncertain random variable is a measurable function on the cha
The variance of a random variable or distribution is the expectation, or mean, of the squared deviation of that variable from its expected value or mean. Thus the variance is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of that variable, taking account of all possible values and their...
753). However, it is well known that uncertainty in a random variable cannot be summarized by one of its moments. In particular, variance is sufficient to characterize variability or risk either under the assumption of normal distributions or under the assumption that the utility function of the...
Consequently, the covariance structures for the random coefficient model are more complex than compound symmetry. IIC can also be accounted for by creating a residual variance–covariance matrix given a predetermined error covariance structure. In this specification, the time factor must be defined as ...
Complex Number Support: Yes w— Weight 0 (default) | 1 | vector Weight, specified as one of: 0— Normalize by N-1, where N is the number of observations. If there is only one observation, then the weight is 1. 1— Normalize by N. Vector made up of nonnegative scalar weights corr...
On the Variances of Asymptotically Normal Estimators from Complex Surveys The Effect of Errors in Means, Variances, and Covariances on Optimal Portfolio Choice Design structure for compensating for variances of a buried resistor in an integrated circuit ...
Random Batch Methods (RBM) for mean-field interacting particle systems enable the reduction of the quadratic computational cost associated with particle in
Due to the quasi-orthogonality of the PRN codes, if the phases of the incoming signal and its replica are not completely aligned, this final value is very close to zero; otherwise, it peaks [15]. This process is computationally complex due to a large number of different combinations of ...
All types of ANOVA follow the basic principles outlined above. However, as the number of groups and the interaction effects increase, the sources of variation will become more complex. Performing an ANOVA Because conducting an ANOVA by hand is a time-consuming process, most researchers use statist...
This MATLAB function returns the variance of the elements of A along the first array dimension whose size does not equal 1.