Notation 比较怪,x是学生模型,θ是固定的教师模型, 作者从自蒸馏入手,将自蒸馏的梯度拆解,得到下式: 然后将框里的一项替换为了教师模型的梯度,得到了本文很重要的一个 Proposition。这件事儿妙就妙在只有在自蒸馏的时候,教师和学生架构完全相同,才能这么直接换。虽然这个换的不严谨,但想一想还是有些道理的。作者...
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The notation specific to the ANOVA is discussed and, for each example, a data table is organized to present group means, sums of scores, and sums of squared scores in order to prepare students for the ANOVA calculations; in this way, students begin the calculations with the summary data ...
既然是random variable,那我们当然可以求他的expectation和variance。所以,我们有了Bias和Variance的概念。为了简化notation,我们假设 \mathcal{H} contains all possible f_{\theta} 。所以, f^{*}_{\mathcal{H}}=f^* 和f^*_{S} \equiv f^*_{\mathcal{H},S} . ...
Furthermore, the notation P(z) is used to refer to the density function of the latent space. Typically, this is set to be a Gaussian distribution with zero-mean and unit variance [45]: (10.31)P(z)=N(z;0,I), where (10.32)N(x;μ,Σ)=(2π)−k2det(Σ)12exp(−12(...
∑ issummation notation(i.e., add them all up!) X is a data point μ is thepopulation mean N is the population size. If you aren’t good with formulas, follow these steps: Find the mean(the average). Subtract the mean from each number in the data set and then square the results...
Guide to Notation Introduction The Double/Triple-Whammy of Measurement Error Classical Measurement Error A Nutrition Example Measurement Error Examples Radiation Epidemiology and Berkson Errors Classical Measurement Error Model Extension... R Carroll - Chapman & Hall/CRC 被引量: 2277发表: 2006年 Identifi...
(1992) notation, an unbiased estimator of Yi(=∑j∈Ωiyi), the total of the y-values of the units belonging to Ωi is given by (19.3.2)Yˆi=∑j∈sbsjyjIj(i) where Ij(i)={1ifthejthunitbelongtoΩi0otherwise. Substituting yj = 1 for j = 1,…, N in Eq. (19.3.2) we ...
Matrix notation for the variance of a linear combination Let's define X as a column vector of n random variables[Math Processing Error]and c as a column vector of N scalars[Math Processing Error]Therefore[Math Processing Error]is a linear combination of these random variables, where[Math Proce...
(σ2); in symbols, σ2= Σ(xi− μ)2/n, where Σ is a compact notation used to indicate that as the index (i) changes from 1 ton(the number of elements in the data set), the square of the difference between each elementxiand the mean, divided byn, is calculated and these ...