research methodologystatistical analysisThe term variable has been defined as a "symbol to which numerals or values are assigned." This generic description, albeit applicable to psychological variables in resea
The next section reviews literature that compares the environmental effects of organic and conventional farming systems, and presents the research framework, which includes the structural variables derived from the literature. The third section describes the meta-analysis and the methods employed in this ...
The methodology of this study’s literature search and systematic scoping review was based on Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) six-step framework, further developed by Levac et al. (2010). To bring forward the overview of the research landscape in AYA’s DC, both descriptive techniques and i...
To effectively analyze trends in environmental data, like NDVI measurements, we use a methodology that quantifies trend direction and magnitude through the Mann–Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. This process considers ties within the dataset to calculate the variance of S, Var(S), which ...
What is the case study method in research methodology? Which of the following study methods allows us to infer a causal relationship between two variables? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. survey d. a typical experimental study in a la...
to problems where a reduction of a quantitative random variable to summary statistics is insufficient (more details in Section 3). With our approach, we can model the entire distribution of a quantitative variable on the right-hand side, i.e., the part of the rule that we want to predict...
619Accesses Abstract This chapter introduces in a detailed manner the research methodology used for the analysis of the data on the disbursement of development cooperation from Southern powers in Africa. This chapter not only introduces qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as the methodology used, but...
In the literature, there exists other tutorials and textbooks for causal inference methodology. In particular, Baiocchi, Cheng, and Small give a detailed overview of IVs in health research and, in section two of their paper, share a similar philosophy to this paper in that choosing between confo...
In recent years, a growing body of behavioral and neuroimaging research has revealed a variety of iconic effects in word processing. In this sense, iconicity in abstract words was found to elicit more “concrete” responses in abstract/concrete semantic decision tasks, which possibly reflects the ...
Summary: Purpose - To present new results concerning the applications of the uncertain variables to analysis and decision problems in a class of uncertain knowledge-based systems described by a relational knowledge representation. Design/methodology/approach - The analysis and decision-making problems are...