Botulinum toxin is neurotoxic protein produced by the gram-positive, rod shaped, spore forming, strictly anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. These bacteria are widely distributed in soil and water (Dowell, 1984). Botulinum toxin is one of the most acutely toxic naturally occurring substances in...
toxin type A (hereafter referred to as botulinum toxin), one of the most lethal biologic toxins, has been found to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of a variety of neurologic and ophthalmologic disorders.4 The Food and Drug Administration recently approved botulinum toxin (Oculinum) . ...
In this article we review the pharmacodynamics of commercially available preparations of botulinum toxin type A, and discuss the potential uses of the drug in smile modification. A major emphasis is placed on applications relevant to modern dental practice, and to the complications arising from its ...
The evidence for noncosmetic uses of botulinum toxin Botulinum toxin has been studied for a variety of uses beyond the cosmetic. Here's what you need to know about which uses are worth considering for your patient. Busey - 《Journal of Family Practice》 被引量: 0发表: 2020年 History of ...
providedthe original author and source are credited.Physicians’ Practice of the Non-Cosmetic Uses ofBotulinum Toxin: A Cross-Sectional Study inSaudi ArabiaSarah A. Alzarah , Huda Alabasi , Lujain Alanazi , Munirah Aldawsari , Etedal Aldawsari , Shazia Iqbal1. Internal Medicine, Vision Colle...
Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxins || Botulinum toxin: primary and secondary resistance 1. Introduction Michael Barnes and Anthony Ward; 2. Mechanistic basis for the therapeutic effectiveness of botulinum toxin A on over-active cholinergic ner... AB Ward,MP Barnes 被引量: 0发表: 2007年 Clinical ...
a side effect after prior use of botulinum toxin; a breathing disorder such as asthma or emphysema; problems with swallowing; facial muscle weakness (droopy eyelids, weak forehead, trouble raising your eyebrows); bleeding problems; heart disease; or surgery (especially on your face).Tell...
It has been suggested that the reconstitution of botulinum toxin A in a solution of lidocaine could be an easy alternative procedure to reduce the discomfort associated with these injections [81,82]. Toxins 2012, 4 921 3.1.7. Chronic Migraine Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials...
Toxins 2011, 3, 63-81; doi:10.3390/toxins3010063 Review OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Towards New Uses of Botulinum Toxin as a Novel Therapeutic Tool Andy Pickett * and Karen Perrow Biologicals Science and Technology, Ipsen Biopharm Limited, Ash Road North, ...
Animal and clinical studies have extensively reported the therapeutic efficacy of botulinum neurotoxins in many diseases characterized by excessive muscle contractions. The therapeutic effects of botulinum neurotoxins originate from their elective action as inhibitors of cholinergic transmission, this fact has ...